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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(3): 1111-1128, jul.-sep. 2014. graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-753677

ABSTRACT

Environmental changes due to natural processes and anthropic modifications can be characterized by the degree of land cover modification and its environmental implications over time. The main goal of the present study was to propose and apply a land cover modification geoindicator in order to assess the environmental condition of the territory per landscape units. It was designed to interpret diffuse information and transform it into a synthetic indicator that will be useful for environmental managers. The geoindicator evaluation was performed through a multi-temporal analysis of medium resolution Landsat satellite images and their unsupervised classification according to the direction of land use transitions. A change detection analysis between image pairs from 1973, 1991 and 2001 was made to detect unaffected areas and the areas in which positive or negative land cover changes could be observed. The proposed methodology was applied in the coastal palustrine area; specifically, in the marine-terrestrial ecotone of Campeche, Mexico. Geoindicator values during the 1974-1991 and 1991-2001 periods were low, 46.5% and 40.9%, respectively, due to the intrinsic limitations of coastal wetlands for productive activities. Urban and suburban transition areas showed high degrees of modification of about 39.5% and 32.1% for the first and the second period, respectively. Moderate modification, 4.9% in the first period and 5.7% in the second, was observed in isolated landscape units with recovering vegetation. The proposed geoindicator showed physiognomic and functional evidence of affectation levels from human activities, regeneration patterns and alteration of the landscape structure, modulated by the historical-economic process in the studied area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 1111-1128. Epub 2014 September 01.


Los cambios ambientales debidos tanto a procesos naturales como a las modificaciones antrópicas, se pueden caracterizar a través de la modificación de la cobertura y sus implicaciones ambientales en el tiempo. El objetivo del presente estudio es proponer y aplicar un geoindicador de modificación de la cobertura para evaluar la condición ambiental del territorio dentro del ámbito funcional de las unidades de paisaje. La evaluación del geoindicador se basa en el análisis multitemporal de imágenes de satélite Landsat de resolución espacial media y su clasificación no supervisada de acuerdo a la dirección tipificada de transiciones en el uso de la tierra. Incluye la detección de cambios entre pares de imágenes entre 1973, 1991 y 2001 para identificar áreas sin cambio y áreas en las que se observan cambios ambientales positivos o negativos con base en la cobertura. La metodología propuesta se aplicó en la zona costero-palustre de Campeche, México, y los valores encontrados durante los períodos 1974-1991 y 1991-2001 fueron: bajos, de 46.5% y 40.9%, respectivamente, debido a las limitaciones intrínsecas de los humedales costeros para las actividades primarias. Grados altos para las zonas de transición urbana y suburbana con 39.5% y 32.1% para el primero y segundo período, respectivamente. El grado de modificación moderado, oscila entre el 4.9% para el primer período y 5.7% para el segundo periodo, y se observó en unidades del paisaje en etapas sucesionales retrogresivas. El geoindicador propuesto muestra: evidencias fisonómicas directas y funcionales indirectas de la afectación a la cobertura original por las actividades humanas, los patrones dispersos de regeneración, la introducción de elementos alóctonos antrópicos y la artificialización del paisaje original.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Geographic Information Systems , Mexico , Satellite Imagery , Trees/growth & development , Urbanization
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 57(1/2): 141-157, March-June 2009. graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637707

ABSTRACT

Ichthyofauna of karstic wetlands under anthropic impact: the "petenes" of Campeche, Mexico. "Petenes" are small springs and associated streams that drain into wetlands near the coast in karstic areas. We studied composition, distribution, and abundance of the ichthyofauna in Los Petenes region (northwest Campeche). Two petenes displaying different degrees and types of anthropic impact were selected, Hampolol and El Remate. Hampolol has a smaller area but a longer derived stream; it is located within a protected area, but has been invaded by tilapia. El Remate is a popular spa, with no tilapia; it has a larger area but a shorter derived stream. At each "petén", several sites in the main spring, the associated stream, and secondary (temporary) springs were sampled in the rainy and dry seasons. Fishing gear was variable (throw net, gill net, small and large seine nets), but effort was uniform. We recorded temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and depth at each site and season; also, we noted the different types and intensities of anthropic impact (channelization, presence of exotic species, recreational use, etc.) at each petén. We compared the petenes in terms of their environmental quality and fish fauna (composition, distribution, abundance, biomass); we also tested for effects of season and site within each petén. The study found 27 species of fishes, included in 18 genera and eight families, 24 species in Hampolol and 20 in El Remate. The geographical range of ‘Cichlasoma’ salvini, Rivulus tenuis, Phallichthys fairweatheri, Xiphophorus hellerii, and X. maculatus is extended. The dominant species in both seasons was Astyanax (probable hybrids A. aeneus × altior at Hampolol, pure A. altior at El Remate), which contributed most of the abundance and biomass, together with Vieja synspila and Poecilia velifera. A significantly greater overall diversity (H’n=3.31) was recorded in Hampolol compared to El Remate (H’n=2.10). Cluster analysis of sites by species presence allowed distinction of two groupings within each petén: permanent waters (i.e., main spring, stream) vs. temporary sites (secondary springs, which dry out in winter). Environmental parameters (except salinity) presented significant differences by site and season; a canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the distribution of fish assemblages was influenced by the environmental parameters in both seasons. In terms of composition, historical factors play a role in the differences between the fish assemblages of the two petenes, especially concerning the presence of Astyanax hybrids and Xiphophorus spp. in the southern petén (Hampolol) and Poecilia velifera in the northern petén (El Remate). Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 141-157. Epub 2009 June 30.


Los petenes son pequeños manantiales y arroyos asociados que drenan a sistemas palustres en áreas cársticas costeras. Se estudió la composición, distribución y abundancia de la ictiofauna en dos petenes del noroeste de Campeche, en el manantial principal, el arroyo asociado, y pequeños ojos de agua secundarios (temporales), en dos épocas del año. Se registraron variables ambientales y tipos de impacto antrópico en cada petén. Se encontraron en total 27 especies de peces, con extensiones de ámbito de ‘Cichlasoma’ salvini, Rivulus tenuis, Phallichthys fairweatheri, Xiphophorus hellerii y X. maculatus. La especie dominante en ambas épocas fue Astyanax (probables híbridos A. aeneus × altior en Hampolol, A. altior en El Remate). Hubo diferencia significativa en diversidad entre ambos petenes. El análisis de conglomerados diferenció dos agrupaciones dentro de cada petén: aguas permanentes y sitios temporales. Las variables ambientales (excepto salinidad) presentaron diferencias significativas por sitio y época; un análisis de correspondencia canónica indicó que la distribución de los conjuntos de peces tuvo influencia de las variables ambientales en ambas temporadas. En términos de composición, los factores históricos juegan un papel en las diferencias ictiológicas entre ambos petenes, sobre todo por lo que concierne a la presencia de híbridos de Astyanax, así como Xiphophorus hellerii en el petén del sur (Hampolol) y de Poecilia velifera en el petén del norte (El Remate).


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Fishes/classification , Wetlands , Biodiversity , Mexico , Population Density , Seasons
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